نقد فیلم «وقتی همه خوابیم» بر اساس نظریه‌های رمان پسامدرن
نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
دانشگاه علّامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
بر خلاف مکتب فرانسوی ادبیات تطبیقی که مطابق آن، صرفاً می‌توان به مقایسۀ دو متن نوشتاری با لحاظ شرایطی پرداخت، در رهیافت آمریکایی تطبیق متون ادبی با هنرهای مختلف، از جمله سینما امکان‌پذیر است. چون رمان و فیلم مشترکات زیادی دارند، از بسیاری جهات به یکدیگر شبیه هستند، و دو ژانر قیاس‌پذیر محسوب می‌شوند. این مشترکات، زمینۀ مناسبی برای بحث دربارۀ فیلم سینمایی از منظر نظریه و نقد ادبی جدید فراهم نموده، امکان می‌دهد مفاهیم و اصطلاحاتی را که به طور معمول ابزاری برای بحث دربارۀ رمان می‌دانیم، برای کاوشی نقادانه دربارۀ ساختار و صناعات و مضامین فیلم به کار ببریم. از طرفی، در سال‌های اخیر اصطلاح «پسامدرنیسم» در بحث‌های نقادانه دربارۀ رمان رواج یافته، بسیاری از داستان‌نویسان جدید نیز شیفتگی وافری به داستان‌نویسی به سبک پسامدرن نشان می‌دهند؛ لذا در این پژوهش، ابتدا با بررسی نظرات برخی از مهم‌ترین اندیشمندان ادبیات پسامدرن، نوزده تکنیک مورد استفاده در رمان‌های پسامدرن استخراج شده و با روش تحلیل کیفی، به‌کارگیری آن‌ها در فیلم وقتی همه خوابیم مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. نتایج بررسی، گویای قرابت ادبیات و سینما (به عنوان یک متن تصویری) و قابلیت مقایسۀ این دو متن نوشتاری و تصویری است؛ چنان‌که بسیاری از تکنیک‌هایی که در نگارش رمان‌های پسامدرن به کار گرفته می‌شوند، با بسامد بالایی در فیلم مورد بررسی نیز، استفاده شده است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Critical Study of Iranian Movie »When we are all sleeping «on the Basis of Theories of the postmodern Novels
نویسندگان [English]
- Shirzad Tayefi
- Mohammad Hossein Ramezani Fookulaee
Allameh Tabataba';i University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
Contrary to the French school of comparative literature, which according to it, only two written texts can be compared, in the American approach, it is possible to compare literary texts to various arts, including cinema. Since novels and films have many similarities, they are similar in many respects, and they are two comparable genres. These commons provide a good field for discussing a film from the perspective of a new literary theory and criticism, and allow us to use the concepts and terminology that we normally know as a tool for discussing about the novel to critically explore the structure and devices and themes of the film. On the other hand, in recent years, the term "postmodernism" has become popular in critical discussions about the novel, and many new fiction writers show much fascination in writing fiction with postmodern style. Therefore, in this research, firstly, by examining the views of some of the most important thinkers of postmodern literature, nineteen techniques used in postmodern novels were extracted and with qualitative analysis method, use of them in an Iranian movie (i.e. When we are all sleeping) were examined. The results of the studies showed the close proximity of literature and cinema (as a visual text) and the ability to compare these two written and visual texts. We realized that most of the techniques which are applied in writing postmodern novels were also used with high frequency in the reviewed Iranian film.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Postmodernism & Postmodern novel
- Cinema of Iran
- Postmodern cinema
- written text
- visual text
Introduction
Reviewing the comparability of the elements and techniques of postmodern novels with the movie When We are All Asleep from Bahram Beyzaie.
Methodology
For doing this research, first, we studied theoretical basis and other information about postmodern novels though various sources. Then we collected techniques of postmodern novels and took several notes. After that among the movies of Iranian cinema that have been made in the postmodernist style, the film "When We are All Asleep" was chosen. At last by reviewing this movie, the main techniques used in it have been extracted, classified and analysed.
Discussion and Results
After reviewing the film When We Are All Sleeping, we come to the conclusion that among the 19 techniques of postmodern novels, in the mentioned film, six techniques i.e. "ontological content", "fragmentation", "irony", "verisimilitude", "the writer’s presence in fiction" and "the death of the author's authority" have been widely used.
Conclusion
In the film When We Are All Sleeping, six techniques i.e. "ontological content", "fragmentation", "irony", "verisimilitude", "the writer’s presence in fiction" and "the death of the author's authority" have been widely used. Hence, the mentioned film has been relatively successful in applying postmodern novel techniques. Meanwhile these studies indicate that there is no significant difference between the characteristics of postmodern works in literature and cinema. Despite this result, we should consider the own characteristics of the film industry and the use of video narration (the language of the video camera) and audio and the available trucages in this industry (such as makeup, special effects, etc.). In other words, although almost all techniques of the postmodern novel can be used in cinema, the substantive difference between written and visual literature must be considered. For example in film industry, showing a video camera or doing make-up in a movie scene, is a clear demonstration of the "verisimilitude" technique, which is obviously reflected by a different manner in postmodern novels.
Keywords
Postmodernism & Postmodern novel, Cinema of Iran, Postmodern cinema, written text, visual text.
References
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Payandeh, H. (2007). The Postmodern Novel And Film: A Monograph on the Structure and Techniques of “MIX”. Tehran: Hermes. [In Persian]
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دوره 1، شماره 2
دو فصلنامه (شماره پاییز و زمستان 1401)مهر 1401صفحه 137-156
- تاریخ دریافت: 30 فروردین 1401
- تاریخ بازنگری: 15 خرداد 1401
- تاریخ پذیرش: 30 خرداد 1401