پژوهش‌های میان رشته‌ای زبان و ادبیات فارسی

بررسی و تحلیل تنوّع واژگانی و تأثیر آن بر سبک و فضای شعر در سروده‌های نیما یوشیج و بدر شاکرالسیّاب « بر پایة نظریة جانسون»

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

استادیار گروه زبان وادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران

چکیده

نیما یوشیج و بدرشاکرالسیّاب هر دو به عنوان نخستین پیشروان رهایی شعر از قیود کلاسیک در ایران و عراق و هدایت آن در مسیر نوگرایی اگرچه به لحاظ زمان و مکان از یکدیگر دور بوده اند در بسیاری وجوه همچون زبان شعری، محیط زندگی و آموزش، تفکّرات سیاسی و دغدغه های اجتماعی ماننده اند.نظریة زبانشناختی «تنوّع واژگان» جانسون یکی از شاخصترین ابزارهای مطالعة متون است که در شاخه‌هایی همچون نقد ادبی، مطالعات تطبیقی و سبک شناسی کارآمد است و می‌کوشد با استفاده از شیوه‌های آماری و با رویکردی میان رشته‌ای به سنجش میزان نوآوری شاعران و نویسندگان در دایرة لغات پرداخته و مؤلفه‌های سبکی آنان را تحلیل ‌کند.پژوهش حاضر به شیوة توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و با بهره گیری ازروش های آماری نخست بر اساس مبانی نظری جانسون به بررسی و مقایسة تنوّع واژگان دو شاعر در یک پیکره زبانی سه هزار کلمه‌ای پرداخته،سپس آن‌ها راازمنظر همگرایی و واگرایی مضامین و چگونگی خلق فضاهای گوناگون بررسی کرده است.حاصل آنکه شمارگان واژگان متنوّع در شعر بدرشاکرالسیّاب 230 کلمه بیش از نیما است و با شیب کمتری نسبت به شعر او کاهش می‌یابد.این بدان معنا است که سیّاب دایرة لغات وسیعتری نسبت به نیما یوشیج داشته و بر زبان چیره‌تربوده است.نیز علیرغم حضور صدای مستقلّ هر شاعر، دغدغه‌های ذهنی یکسان باعث خلق دایره‌های معنایی بر گِرد هسته‌هایی مشترک همچون: «مرگ اندیشی، طبیعت، عشق، زادگاه و مقوله‌های اجتماعی» شده است. این مؤلفه‌ها در واژگان مشترک مذکور به کمک « فضاسازی» عینیّت یافته که نشانگر تفاوت سبک،دیدگاه و شرایط زندگی دو شاعر است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Vocabulary diversity in the poems of Nima Yoshij and Badr Shaker Al-Sayyab Based on Johnson's theory

نویسندگان [English]

  • fereshteh mahjoub
  • tahere seyed rezayi

Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Payame Noor University, Isfahan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Johnson's linguistic theory of "vocabulary diversity" is one of the most prominent tools for studying texts, which is effective in fields such as literary criticism, comparative studies and stylistics, and tries to use statistical methods and an interdisciplinary approach to Evaluate the vocabulary of poets and writers and analyze their stylistic components.

Nima Yoshij and Badrshakralsiab are both the first pioneers of liberating poetry from classical constraints in Iran and Iraq and guiding it in the path of modernity, although they are far apart in terms of time and place, but in many respects such as poetic language, living environment and Education, political thinking and social concerns are the same.

The present study, in a descriptive-analytical manner, first examines and compares the diversity of words of two poets in a section of three thousand words based on Johnson's theoretical foundations, then explores them in terms of convergence and divergence of themes and how to create different spaces. As a result, the number of different words in Badrshakralsiyab's poem is 230 words more than Nima and decreases with a lower slope than his poem. This means that Siab had a wider vocabulary than Nima Yoshij and was more fluent in language. Also, despite the presence of the independent voice of each poet, the same mental concerns have created semantic circles around common nuclei such as: "death thinking, nature, love, birthplace and social categories."

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Vocabulary diversity
  • Johnson'
  • s theory
  • statistical stylistics
  • atmosphere
  1. Statement of the problem

The use of statistics in literary studies can increase the accuracy of the research, and by accurately describing the text and converting qualitative elements into tangible quantities, it draws the audience's attention to the hidden layers and angles of the text, taste and emotional judgments based on taste. turn personal judgments into documented judgments. Johnson's theory is one of them. "Nima Yoshij" and "Badr Shaker Al-Siyab" are pioneers of the transformation of contemporary poetry in Iran and Iraq from very similar angles. After selecting a statistical population with the same quantity (three thousand words) of the poems of these two poets, the present study investigated their poetic style based on "Johnson's" theory and examined their lexical diversity and analyzed the effect of each in creating a poetic style and atmosphere.

  1. 2. Research background

 Sedekhi and Kazemi (2007) in "comparison of the diversity of words in the poetry style of the poems of Daabal Khazai, Sharif Razi and Mehyar Deilami" have proved which poet is the most innovative in this field. Bond Shahriari and Seyed Rezaei (2013) in "Comparison of the poetry of Forough Farrokhzad, Farzaneh Khojandi and Khaleda Forough from the perspective of Johnson's theory" by choosing three women poets from three countries, compared and analyzed the vocabulary of their poems. A comparative study of the poems of Badr Shaker and Nima Yoshij" explained the common intellectual and linguistic foundations of these two poets.

  1. Summary of the article

 Johnson's method should be done in a comparative manner with a 3000-word essay between two or three poets; The choice of words is random. To determine the variety of words, words should be placed in tables that have ten vertical and horizontal boxes. Compound verbs and prefixes are one word. Conjunctions and prepositions and "ra" are not counted in the count. The plural and singular of nouns is repetition. Abbreviated words are a repetition of the original. Pronouns are a part of the word. Compound words are one word. After that, repeated words will be crossed out and the rest will be counted, which is the "diverse vocabulary" of each poet. After that, the ratio of various words to the whole text is measured. That is, the diverse vocabulary of each poet is divided by the total vocabulary and divided into 6 equal parts, each part containing 500 words. In this way, the average ratio of the total diversity is determined. In the stepwise reduction curve of vocabulary diversity, the slope of this diversity reduction is evaluated, that is, like the previous stage, first 3000 words are divided into 6 parts of 500 words, and then the number of diverse words in each part is divided by five hundred. In the density curve, the ratio of vocabulary diversity of the text is divided into six parts of 500 words; Then, a ratio is created between the various words and the sum of all the words of the first part. In the second part, this part is obtained by creating a ratio between various words and the sum of all words. And it continues until the end of the sixth section. After examining the selected poems of "Nima Yoshij" and "Badr Shaker Al-Siyab", it can be seen that several important and pivotal propositions have been expressed more in this section: social themes and themes (poverty and anti-poverty, disorder of the social system, prevalence of corruption and immorality, justice, freedom and call to claim rights) hope for the future and positivity, death thoughts, love, nature and elements related to it (water, night, wind) birthplace.

4 - Conclusion

Examining the ratio of diversity and tables and graphs in a random selection of 3000 words from each poet shows that the number of diverse words of "Badr Shaker Al-Siyab" is more than that of "Nima Yoshij" and the curve of vocabulary reduction in the language of "Nima Yoshij" is faster than that of "Bader Shakir". Al-Sayyab. "Shaker al-Siyab" has a wider range of vocabulary than "Nima Yoshij". There are 950 non-repeated words in the 3000 words of "Nima Yoshij" and 1180 different words in the 3000 words of "Badr Shaker al-Siyab". "Badr Shaker al-Siyab" has 230 different words more than "Nima Yoshij". Another is repeating certain words in a broad way; For example, both poets, due to their births in rural areas, have widely used the field of meaning related to nature, or their familiarity with foreign languages ​​and literature has led to the introduction of common definitions of human rights and human demands in both of their poems.

  1. Resources

    Al-Khair, Hani (2006). Badr Shakir al-Siyab, Torah Al-Shaar and Merareh Alamut, Damascus: Dar Raslan.

    Balata, Isa (2007). Badr Shaker Al-Sayab Hayate and Poetry, Beirut: Al-Mistesse Al-Arabiya for Studies and Al-Nashar.

    Bond Shahriari, Ali Asghar and Tahereh Seyed Rezaei (2013). "Comparison of the poetry of Forough Farrokhzad, Farzaneh Khojandi and Khaleda Forough from the perspective of Johnson's theory", World Contemporary Literature Research, Volume 19, Number 1, pp. 41-65.

    Brahni, Reza (2008). Gold in Copper, 3rd edition, Tehran: Zaryab Publishing.

    Eswar, Musa (2011). From the song of the rain to the psalms of the red flower: the pioneers of modern Arab poetry, first edition, Tehran: Sokhon.

    Fakhraei, Ibrahim (1978). Sardar Jangal, 9th edition. Tehran: Javid Publishing House.

    Fatuhi, Mahmoud (2018). Stylology: theories, approaches and methods, second edition, Tehran: Sokhon Publishing House.

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    Ishani, Tahereh (2010). "Comparative comparison of the expression of poverty and destitution in the poetry of Nima Yoshij and Nazq Al-Malaika", Persian Language and Literature Quarterly (Dehkhoda), Year 2, Number 4, 119-136.

    Mohammadrezaei Alireza and Sommieh Armat (2008). "Comparative review of the poems of Badr Shaker and Nima Yoshij", comparative literature, second year, vol. 6, pp. 161-173.

    Mohseni, Morteza and Hajar Nasrullah Pourheidari (2016). "Manifestations of romantic and social romanticism in the poems of Nima Yoshij and Badr Shaker al-Siyab", Research Journal of Literary Schools, year 1, number 2, pp. 119-97.

    Pournamdarian, Taghi (1998). My house is cloudy, first edition, Tehran: Soroush Publications.

    Rajabi, Farhad (2011). "The Death of Life in the Poems of Badr Shakralsyab and Nimayoshij", Arabic Literature, Volume 3, Vol. 2, pp. 185-206.

    Shafi'i Kodkani, Mohammadreza (2010). Contemporary Arab poetry, first edition, Tehran: Sokhon.

    Sharifpour, Inayatullah and Zahra Soleimani (2018). "Comparative study of social themes in the poems of Nima Yoshij and Ahmad Shoghi", Comparative literature, year 11, number 20, pp. 118-102.

    Yahaqi Mohammad Jaafar and Ahmad Sancholi (2013). "Symbol and its origin in Nima Yoshij's poetry", Research Journal of Persian Language and Literature, Year 5, Vol. 2, pp. 43-64.

    Yoshij, Nima (1994). The complete collection of poems, Siros Tahbaz's efforts, 10th edition, Tehran: Negha.

    Zarinkoub, Hamid (1979). Perspectives of New Persian poetry, first edition, Tehran: Tos Publications.

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    • Articles
    • Ishani, Tahereh (1389). "Comparative comparison of poverty and destitution in the poetry of Nima Yoshij and
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    • Rajabi, Farhad (1390). "The Death of Life in the Poems of Badr Shakralsyab and Nimayoshij", Arabic Literature, Volume 3, Volume 2: pp. 185-206.
    • Ruyin Ahli, Parvaneh (2012). "Examination of the concept of love in Nima Yoshij's poetry", the 8th meeting of the Persian Language and Literature Promotion Association of Iran: pp. 1-13.
    • Sharifpour, Enayatullah and Zahra Soleimani (2018). "A comparative study of social themes in the poems of Nima Yoshij and Ahmad Shoghi", Comparative literature, year 11, number 20: pp. 102-118.
    • Abdi, Salahuddin and Mohammad Ahmadi (2010). "Comparative study of nature in the poetry of Sohrab Sepehari and Badr Shakralsiyab", Exploration of Comparative Literature, second year, number 8: pp. 101-118.
    • Ganjali, Abbas and Noman Angh (2014). "Examination and application of social ideas in the poetry of Badrshakar al-Siyab and Qaiser Aminpour", Comparative literature, year 7, no. 13: pp. 175-199.
    • Mohseni, Morteza and Hajar Nasrallah Pourheidari (2016). "Manifestations of Romantic and Social Romanticism in the Poems of Nima Yoshij and Badr Shaker Al-Siyab", Journal of Literary Schools, Year 1, Number 2: pp. 119-97.
    • Mohammadrezaei Alireza and Sommieh Armat (1387). "Comparative review of the poems of Badr Shaker and Nima Yoshij", Comparative literature, second year, vol. 6: pp. 161-173.
    • Yahaqi Mohammad Jaafar and Ahmad Sancholi (1390). "Symbol and its origin in Nima Yoshij's poem", Research Journal of Persian Language and Literature, Year 5, Issue 2: pp. 43-64.
پژوهش‌های میان رشته‌ای زبان و ادبیات فارسی
دوره 1، شماره 2
دو فصلنامه (شماره پاییز و زمستان 1401)
مهر 1401
صفحه 65-94
  • تاریخ دریافت: 02 اسفند 1400
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 11 مرداد 1401
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 05 شهریور 1401